Socially assistive robots use social interaction as a mean in itself for enhancing health and psychological well-being of older people motivating users to maintain a healthy lifestyle, guiding them in the execution of daily activities and providing companionship. In this context, endowing a socially assistive robot with cultural knowledge makes it more aware of culture-related preferences, traditions and needs, and allows it to behave more competently, tuning its behaviour to meet the customs and expectations of the user. As ageing populations across the world are placing health and social care systems under pressure, culturally competent robots can assist human caregivers in some tasks, thus helping to reduce the pressure in hospitals and care homes and improve care delivery at home.
As part of a joint effort towards the development of a culturally competent robot for elderly care, experts in Transcultural Nursing have led the development of guidelines defining the behaviour and functionalities of a culturally competent robot for older people, linking cultural knowledge and perceptual information to actions and utterances. These guidelines have an impact upon the following main areas:
The CARESSES Ontology encodes all these guidelines, with the aim of offering a specific tool for endowing robots with cultural competence. In particular, this Ontology may be used to:
Please refer to the following for additional information:
If you want to acquire a deeper knowledge about how the CARESSES ontology can be used, we suggest to refer to the aforementioned scientific articles (Bruno et al., 2018; Sgorbissa et al., 2019; Bruno, Recchiuto et al, 2019). Additionally, if you want to see concrete examples to learn how the CARESSES Ontology is used in CARESSES, please feel free to contact us at the address info@caressesrobot.org to receive a Manual, Tutorials with exercises, video tutorials, as well as examples of TBoxes and ABoxes.
The Figure below summarizes the relationship between the TBox and the ABox in the CARESSES approach.
Knowledge representation architecture for a culturally competent robot. The TBox layer (I) includes terms from existing upper and domain-specific ontologies (grey boxes) and ontologies modelling cultural-knowledge that we propose (white boxes). The Culture-Specific ABox layer (II) includes instances (yellow circles) encoding knowledge at national-level, while the Person-Specific ABox layer (III) includes instances (orange circles) encoding knowledge uniquely related to the user. Some instances of existing ontologies (dark circles) may not change between the two ABox layers.
The Figure describes four core elements:
In other words, Classes represents information that are culture-agnostic , i.e. general concepts that applies to different cultures, while Instances are used to encode cultural information both at a general (national) level and at a user-specific level.
Please refer to the aforementioned references for a detailed description of the CARESSES Ontology and how it may be used in the context of Culturally Competent Robotics. Few additional remarks will be here given:
TBox (partial) related to the robot activites
Here, the relationships between Classes related to the robot's actions are shown. As mentioned before, actions' parameters may play a key role in the context of Culturally Competent Robotics, as well as goals that the robot may proactively suggest to the user.
But how may cultural information encoded? The Figure below show a portion of the ABox describing British culture-specific (GB prefix) breakfast habits.
ABox describing British culture-specific (GB prefix) breakfast habits.
Please notice that the hasLikeliness DataProperty is used to encode the a priori probability that an assertion in the ABox holds for a person, given that we know that she belongs to that culture (e.g. the probability that an English person has ham for breakfast), while the hasSentence DataProperties encode all sentences that the robot may pronounce while talking with the user.
In the Figure, boxes denote instances of classes (e.g., GB_GEN, GB_EATING_BREAKFAST), yellow dashed lines denote assertions of object properties (e.g., GB_BISCUITS_EATING_BREAKFAST is a filler of GB_EATING_BREAKFAST for the property hasFood). Data properties (e.g., has Sentence ) appear within the box of the instance they refer to, while hasLikeliness values appear on the top-left corner of the instance they refer to and are denoted with literals instead of numbers, with 0.05 mapped to Very Low (VL), 0.1 to Low (L), 0.2 to Medium (M), 0.4 to High (H), 0.7 to Very High (VH).
Finally, let's analyze how user-specific information are encoded.
ABox describing British culture-specific (GB prefix) and person-specific (Dorothy Smith) knowledge.
Here, again boxes denote instances of classes, but these instances represent information directly related to the user (Dorothy Smith). In particular, the hasLikeliness property corresponds to the evidence of the assertion collected through interaction with the user.
These instances, belonging to the Person-Specific ABox layer, are fillers of the corresponding instances in the Culture-Specific ABox layer for the hasSpecific property, and they may be either manually inserted in the Ontology or created in run-time acquiring information from the user (for example through verbal interaction).
Finally, notice that the black likeliness values refer to the culture-specific layer, whereas the red values refer to the person-specific layer: English people might have a Medium probability of keeping a vase in the cupboard, but we know for sure that Dorothy Smith has one, since this piece of information was added during the setup phase, or because the robot asked that question to Dorothy and she replied in the affirmative.
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Action
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Actor
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Addressing
Possible ways to address the user. In the context of the verbal interaction between the robot and the user, this conversation topic will be probably selected among the firsts (this is implemented by the ObjectProperty hasTriggeringCondition). Examples of subclasses may be: FirstName, MrLastName, MrsLastName, Nickname, ...
The DataProperty hasNameforPlanner describes how the robot should actually address the person, and its value is usually encoded in a User-Specific Individual (E.g. for the class FirstName, the DataProperty hasNameforPlanner will include the actual first name of the user)
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#AmusementPlace
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Appliance
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#ArtObject
An abstract or physical object considered to fulfill a primarily independent aesthetic function.
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Atheism
Lack of belief in gods and religions
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#BeliefSystem
Ideology or set of principles. It is mainly intended in the form of religion.
Individuals of this class may be related to Individuals of the class ReligiousCulturalEvent; thus, known the user's religion, the robot would probably talk about related religious festivities.
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Birthday
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Book
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#CallMode
Parameter for the VideoCall action (Audio or Video call)
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#CelebratingEvents
The habit of celebrating events (holidays, festivities, ... )
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Childhood
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#CircleOfFriend
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Clothing
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Country
A nation with its own government
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#DailyRoutine
Action or sequence of actions that are daily executed by the user. Possible Subclasses are: DoingPhysicalExercises, GettingDressed, HavingMeal, TakingMedicine, TakingCareOfOneself, and many others
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Dance
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#DayOfTheWeek
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#DeathOfAClosePerson
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Decoration
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Drink
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#EatingPlace
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Education
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Event
A thing that has happened, or that takes place with regularity, independently from the user's activity
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Family
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#FeelingBad
Possible Subclasses are FeelingAfraid, FeelingAngry, FeelingLonely, FeelingWorried, ...
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#FeelingWell
Possible Subclasses are FeelingExcited, FeelingHappy, FeelingRelaxed, FeelingStrong, ...
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Food
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#FoodAndDrink
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#FoodNorm
Dietary restrictions, that may be related to religious or ethical aspects. Possible Subclasses are EatingHalal, EatingKosher, EatingVegetarian, ...
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Frequency
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Friend
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Furniture
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Game
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Goal
The DataProperty hasPDDL encode the related string, in PDDL formalism, that should be sent to the planner when the goal is required
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Habit
Activities, routines or behaviors that are regularly repeated by the user.
Individuals of this class may be filled with Individuals to the class Time for the ObjectProperty hasCondition (conversation topics may be triggered in some specific period of the day) or hasTime (the robot may investigate if habits take place in specific times of the day).
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#HavingHealthProblems
The condition of having health problems can be related to medicines taken by the user
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Heritage
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#HistoricFactOrPeriod
Relevant facts in the areas of politics, military, science, music, sports, arts, entertainment, ...
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Hobby
Activities done regularly in one's leisure time for pleasure. They may be chosen accordingly to the specific targets (i.e. older adults). Examples of SubClasses may be ReadingABook, WatchingAMovie, DoingSomeCooking, GoingToAClub, MakingHennaTattoos, ...
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Home
The building where one lives. Examples of SubClasses are Apartment, CareHome (for the specific case of older adults to which the CARESSES Ontology is addressed)
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Hour
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#HouseObject
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Kitchenware
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Language
Parameter related to the language in which the sentences are written
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#LivingPlace
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Location
A physical space or region, defined by geographical coordinates (absolute location) or expressed in relative terms (relative location).
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Manner
Definitions of polite or acceptable social behaviours. They may be chosen accordingly to the specific targets (i.e. older adults) and cultural identities. Examples of SubClasses are GivingPresentsToRelativeOrFriend, StackingDishesAfterMeal, ...
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#MedicalStaff
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Medication
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Message
Messages encoded for the SendMsgAction
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Movie
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Music
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Norm
Guidelines about what is considered correct or incorrect speaking of social behavior in a particular group, social unit or cultural identities.
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Object
Abstracts objects, with no physical referents and that does not exist at any particular time or place, and concrete objects
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Operator
This class includes all Operators that should be sent to the planner for the execution of actions. Operators achieve Goals by implementing Actions
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Parameter
Parameters associated to actions
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#PeriodOfTheDay
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Person
Persons in the social, physical and cultural environemnt of the user
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#PersonalCareObject
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Pet
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#PhysicalAndMentalCondition
The condition or state of the body or mind
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#PhysicalEnvironment
All tangible space regiones that support and influence the user's life
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Pitch
Voice pitch for all actions involving verbal interaction
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Proxemics
Distance parameter for the ApproachUser action
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#PublicPerson
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Quality
Basic entities to perceive or measure: shapes, colors, sizes, sounds, smells,...
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Relative
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#RelativeLocation
The position of something expressed in relative terms (e.g. Close, Far, VeryFar, ... )
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Religion
Individuals of this class may be filled with Individuals of the class FoodNorm for the ObjectProperty hasNorm; thus, known the user's religion, the robot would probably investigate aspects related to possible alimentary restrictions
Individuals of this class may be filled with Individuals of the class ReligiousCulturalEvent for the ObjectProperty hasEvent; thus, known the user's religion, the robot would probably talk about related religious festivities.
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#ReligiousCulturalEvent
Any event related to religious celebrations
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Robot
The user's robot . An instance of the class Robot may be connected with instances of the class Goal, in order to encode all goals that may be achieved by the robot
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Room
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Season
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#ShoppingPlace
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Singer
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#SleepingPlace
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#SmartDevice
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#SocialEnvironment
Social relationships that influence the user's life (friends, family, ...)
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#SocialEvent
Any occasion/event that involves social interaction.
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Song
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Speed
Voice speed for all actions involving verbal interaction
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Sport
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#SportsPlayer
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Time
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#TimeFormat
12 hr or 24hr
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Topic
Conversation topics that may be explored by the robot.
Conversation topics are defined by a set of DataProperties:
Culture-specific instances of subclasses of Topic may be filled with Person-specific instances for the hasSpecific ObjectProperty
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#TopicAboutOnesLife
Relevant facts for the user's past and present life (chilldhood, education, heritage, work, ...)
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#TopicOneCanHavePreferenceAbout
All things that may be expressed in terms of "preference" (e.g. what is your favourite ... ?)
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Town
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#TVChannel
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#User
Person to which the user-specific information of the Ontology refers
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Volume
Voice volume for all actions involving verbal interaction
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#WaitingTime
Waiting Time parameter for the AcceptRequest Action
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Work
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#Writer
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#YearlyEvent
Any event that takes place regularly every year
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasHCorrelation
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasMCorrelation
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasVHCorrelation
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasVLCorrelation
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasAction
A relation that holds between Operators and Actions
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasActor
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasAddressing
ObjectProperty used for let the robot talk about possible ways to address the user
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasAdjacent
Relationship of closeness between Objects and/or Locations
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasBeliefAndValue
ObjectProperty used for let the robot talk about user's beliefs and values
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasCloth
ObjectProperty used for let the robot talk about the user's clothes
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasCondition
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasConfFile1
The individual filler of this property is used for building the configuration files for the related action
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasConfFile2
The individual filler of this property is used for building the configuration files for the related action
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasCorrelation
Correlations between Individuals, even belonging to different Classes. An HCorrelation implies that, if a UserSpecific instances with an high DataProperty HasLikeliness value is added, the hasLiklelines of the other individuals should be increased. A VLCorrelation impliease that if a UserSpecific instances with an high DataProperty HasLikeliness value is added, the hasLiklelines of the other individuals should be decreased.
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasCountry
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasCParameter
Cultural Parameters to be associated to Actions
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasDistance
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasEvent
ObjectProperty used for let the robot talk about events relevant for the user's life
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasFamily
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasFeeling
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasFood
ObjectProperty used for let the robot talk about food
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasFrequency
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasGame
ObjectProperty used for let the robot talk about games
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasGoal
ObjectProperty used for let the robot talk about possible activities
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasHabit
ObjectProperty used for let the robot talk about user's regular / periodical activities
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasHealth
ObjectProperty used for let the robot talk about the user's health
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasHealthProblem
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasHome
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasIn
Inclusion relationship between Objects and/or Location
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasLanguage
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasLife
ObjectProperty used for let the robot talk about the user's life
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasLocation
ObjectProperty used for let the robot talk about places that are relevant for the user
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasManner
ObjectProperty used for let the robot talk about good manners
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasMedicine
ObjectProperty used for let the robot talk about medicines relevant for the user
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasMusic
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasNecessaryCondition
Filler of this ObjectProperty is an Event or Time or Quality that allows the robot to talk about a specific topic
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasNorm
ObjectProperty used for let the robot talk about social norms
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasObject
Relationships between User and Objects
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasPerson
ObjectProperty used for let the robot talk about persons relevant for the user's life
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasPet
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasPhysicalAndMentalState
ObjectProperty used for let the robot talk about the physical and mental state of the user
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasPhysicalEnvironment
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasPitch
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasQuality
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasRelative
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasRelatLocation
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasReligion
ObjectProperty used for let the robot talk about user's religion
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasRobot
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasRoom
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasSocialEnvironment
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasSong
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasSpecific
Instances, belonging to the Person-Specific ABox layer, are fillers of the corresponding instances in the Culture-Specific ABox layer for the hasSpecific property,
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasSpeed
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasSportsPlayer
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasSuggestion
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasTime
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasTopic
All object properties that allow the robot to talk about conversation topics
has characteristics: transitive
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasTown
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasTriggeringCondition
Filler of this ObjectProperty is an Event or Time or Quality that triggers a specific dialogue
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasUserName
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasWaitingTime
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasAs-sensor
String for automatically composing sentences. It refers to Smart Devices
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasCompulsory-recipient
Compulsory recipient for related messages.
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasConfFile1Name
Configuration file for actions
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasConfFile2Name
Configuration file for actions
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasConfirmation
Confirmation sentence before launching a goal
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasCoordinates
Coordinates of objects in the environment
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasEmail
E-mail address of contacts
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasFull
hasFull field for building configuration files of actions
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasKeyword1
Triggering keyword for conversation topics
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasKeyword2
Triggering keyword for conversation topics
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasLikeliness
Likeliness value for conversation topics. It corresponds to a reasonable estimate, to the best of available knowledge, of the a posteriori probability of the assertion.
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasLine
Line account of the user's contact
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasLocations
Location of the smart device
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasMessage
Preloaded messages for the SendMessageAction
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasName
Field used to automatically generate sentences
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasNameforPlanner
String to be sent to the planner
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasOperations
Operations that can be executed with smart devices
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasPDDL
Planning tasks (written in the PDDL formalism) that should be sent to the planner
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasPhone
Phone number of user's contacts
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasPrep-object
Field used for automatically building sentences
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasQuestion-t
Question to be shown on the tablet
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasSentence
Sentences that the robot may pronounce during the interaction with the user. Subproperties of hasSentence may be:
hasQuestion (encoded sentences used by the robot to ask the general user's feeback about the topic)
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasSkype
Skype account of user contacts
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasStatus
Possible status of the smart device
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasTablet-view
Confirmation to be shown on the robot's tablet
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasTelegram
Telegram account of user's contact accounts
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasType
Type of the smart devices (device - sensor)
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasUDDL
UDDL file describing the operator
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasURL
youtube URL of the video
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasUrl-article
Webpage for the ReadNewsAction
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasUrl-root
Webpage for the readnews action
IRI: http://caressesrobot.org/ontology#hasValue
String value for handling triggering and necessary conditions
IRI: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/vann/preferredNamespacePrefix
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/vann/preferredNamespaceUri
IRI: http://www.w3.org/2003/06/sw-vocab-status/ns#term_status
This HTML document was partially obtained by processing the OWL ontology source code through LODE, Live OWL Documentation Environment, developed by Silvio Peroni.
Actions that may be executed by the robot. Actions are associate to parameters (Volume, Pitch, Speed, Language), to the username (Name), to the Suggestions (Topic).